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Benifits of slatted flooring system
1. More Clean and Dry farm
2. Minimize risk of common infections
3. Fast & Easy Cleaning and disinfecting
4. Minimize harmful gas and dust, decreases the accumulation of harmful gas
5. Air is evenly distributed to provide a comfortable ambiance ventilation below the slatted floor removes harmful gas from the house
6. Energy saving
7. No bedding cost, the slatted floor is installed once and for all permanentely , it suitable for all stages of birds' growth, saving per house is a minimum of 8000 usd on wood shaving per year , lower labor cost , Cooler environment reduces energy cost by 10 to 15%
Most of the slatted flooring systems are made of PP material, here below are some advantages that why people always choose PP to make plastic slats …
One of the major benefits of Polypropylene is that it can be manufactured (either through CNC or injection molding, thermoforming, or crimping) into a living hinge. Living hinges are extremely thin pieces of plastic that bend without breaking (even over extreme ranges of motion nearing 360 degrees). They are not particularly useful for structural applications like holding up a heavy door but are exceptionally useful for non load-bearing applications such as the lid on a bottle of ketchup or shampoo. Polypropylene is uniquely adept for living hinges because it does not break when repeatedly bent. One of the other advantages is that polypropylene can be CNC machined to include a living hinge which allows for faster prototype development and is less expensive than other prototyping methods. Creative Mechanisms is unique in our ability to machine living hinges from a single piece of polypropylene.
Another advantage of Polypropylene is that it can be easily copolymerized (essentially combined into a composite plastic) with other polymers like polyethylene. Copolymerization changes the material properties significantly, allowing for more robust engineering applications than are possible with pure polypropylene (more of a commodity plastic on its own).
The characteristics mentioned above and below mean that polypropylene is used in a variety of applications: dishwasher safe plates, trays, cups, etc, opaque to-go containers, and many toys.
Some of the most significant properties of polypropylene are:
Chemical Resistance: Diluted bases and acids don’t react readily with polypropylene, which makes it a good choice for containers of such liquids, such as cleaning agents, first-aid products, and more.
Elasticity and Toughness: Polypropylene will act with elasticity over a certain range of deflection (like all materials), but it will also experience plastic deformation early on in the deformation process, so it is generally considered a "tough" material. Toughness is an engineering term which is defined as a material's ability to deform (plastically, not elastically) without breaking..
Fatigue Resistance: Polypropylene retains its shape after a lot of torsion, bending, and/or flexing. This property is especially valuable for making living hinges.
Insulation: polypropylene has a very high resistance to electricity and is very useful for electronic components.
Transmissivity: Although Polypropylene can be made transparent, it is normally produced to be naturally opaque in color. Polypropylene can be used for applications where some transfer of light is important or where it is of aesthetic value. If high transmissivity is desired then plastics like Acrylic or Polycarbonate are better choices.
(1) Preparations before transportation The eggs should be packaged before they are shipped. It is best to use hard plastic film lamination to package the egg tray, and put it in a plastic egg box. When loading eggs, the eggs should be placed upright with the blunt end facing down, and each box should be filled to prevent breakage.
(2) Transportation tools The tools for transporting hatching eggs should be fast, stable, safe, protected from the sun and rain, and strictly prevent shocks. Best to use a private car.
(3) During transportation, it should not be violently bumped during operation, so as not to cause the eggshell or egg yolk membrane to rupture due to strong vibration, and damage the eggs. When loading and unloading, handle with care. Eggs that have been transported for a long time should be unpacked in time after arriving at the destination, take out the eggs, remove the broken eggs, put them on a plate and let them sit for 48 hours before hatching, and never store them.
For transporting eggs, it is best to pack them in special egg cartons. For example, using pressed egg trays, put 30 eggs on each egg tray, 6 egg trays on the left and right, a total of 360 eggs in one box. If there is no pressure type egg tray, there should be a fixed number of thick paper partitions in the box to separate each egg and layer of eggs, and fill with fillers (such as grass clippings, etc.). If there is no special egg box, wooden boxes, cardboard boxes or baskets can also be used, but the eggs should be separated and filled with clean shredded paper or straw between eggs and layers. When loading eggs, place the blunt end upright, because the longitudinal axis of the egg is resistant to pressure and is not easy to break. Vehicles and boats to be transported should be clean and hygienic, ventilated, protected from rain and sun, and should not be shaken during transportation. Airplanes are the best choice for long-distance transportation, which not only saves time, but also reduces vibration. When transporting eggs in winter, pay attention to heat preservation and antifreeze. After the eggs arrive at the destination, the package should be opened and inspected in time, the damaged eggs should be removed, and the eggs should be placed in the human egg tray and re-sterilized before hatching.
In the construction of chicken houses, the configuration of air inlets in many chicken houses is not calculated according to the ventilation amount required by the number of chickens, but is estimated according to the length of the chicken house, 3 meters or 4 meters each. This unfounded empirical design will bring bad misleading to the breeding and ventilation work of farmers.
The configuration of side wall air inlets should be able to meet the needs of effective ventilation for 6-7 week old chickens at an outdoor temperature of 18-20°C. why? When the chickens are 6-7 weeks old, the most suitable temperature is 20-22 degrees Celsius. At this time, the fresh air outside is enough to reduce the temperature rise caused by the heat emitted by the chickens in the chicken house, and can ensure the chicken house. The oxygen content of the air in the house does not require excessive wind speed (or even wind speed at all).
If the configured ventilation window is not enough, on the premise of ensuring the effective ventilation, the air intake from the ventilation window will cause too much negative pressure (chickens are easy to get sick), so the air can only be entered from the wet curtain at the front of the house. , This ventilation method will form a certain wind speed in the chicken house, which will cause the chicken's body temperature to be lower than the optimal temperature required for feeding.
For example:
80*15*2.8-4.8 three-layer simple cage broiler house, raising 22,464 chickens, the most suitable negative pressure is 16-22pa, and the most suitable side wall inlet wind speed is about 4.7-5.5m/s. Reasonable environmental control equipment configuration is 5 sets of side wall 36 fans (-20pa exhaust volume 17000m3/h), 10 tail end 50 fans (-20pa exhaust volume 37000m3/h), 150mm wet pad 60㎡, ventilation 116 windows (installation size 560*270, maximum effective air inlet area 0.1㎡).
Let's assume that the chicken is 40 days old. When the outdoor temperature is below 14 degrees Celsius, the ventilation window is adopted to enter the air and the side wall fan to exhaust the air. When the outdoor temperature is between 14°C and 18°C, the ventilation window is used to enter the air and the rear fan is used to exhaust the air. When the outdoor temperature is higher than 18°C, the wet curtain inlet is used for air intake, and the rear fan is used for exhaust air (4 sets are normally open, others are temperature controlled).
If we configure only 54 air inlets according to 3 meters, what will happen? On the premise that the chicken is 40 days old:
Method 1. When the outdoor temperature is 17°C, the ventilation window is used for air intake and the rear fan is exhausted. When the ventilation window is opened to the maximum, the air inlet speed will reach 6m/s, and the negative pressure will exceed 25pa, which exceeds the maximum negative pressure of the chicken house. point. Not good for chicken growth.
Method 2. When the three tail-end 50-type fans are turned on, turn to the wet curtain inlet for air intake (such as air intake from the ventilation window, the air inlet wind speed is 5.7m/s, and the negative pressure is 20pa). At this time, the outdoor temperature should be 16 ℃, Assuming that the thermometer in the house shows 22°C, the body temperature of the birds will actually be lower due to the indoor wind speed. It is also not conducive to the growth of chickens.
In the European poultry house environmental control system design, the configuration of the side wall air inlet window can even meet the ventilation needs of the high-day-old chickens at 30 °C outdoors.
There are three types of house ventilation, namely natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation and auxiliary mechanical ventilation.
(1) Natural ventilation
It is mainly suitable for open chicken houses and semi-open chicken houses. Its advantage is that it saves the investment of ventilation equipment.
The driving force of natural ventilation is wind and temperature difference. When there is wind in nature, blow it to the wall of the chicken house, so that the wind pressure on the windward side is greater than the air pressure in the house, and at the same time the air pressure on the leeward side is lower than the air pressure in the house, so that the air flows in through the windows (air inlets) opened on the windward side. Inside the house, the air flows out from the window (air outlet) on the leeward side, which is wind pressure ventilation. If the outside wind is strong and the air intake area is large, the ventilation volume is large.
When raising chickens in the house, the air in the house is heated by the chicken body, becomes warmer, becomes lighter and rises, and is discharged out of the house through the upper air outlet. , the upper part of the window is the air outlet and the lower part is the air inlet. If the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the house is large, the ventilation volume will be large if the area of the ventilation opening is large.
When the chicken house adopts natural ventilation, the following problems should be paid attention to in the design:
① The span of the chicken house should not exceed 7 meters, and the stocking density should not be too large.
②According to the local prevailing wind direction, set the air inlet below the windward side of the house, and set the exhaust port on the upper part of the leeward side.
③ For more effective ventilation, ventilation pipes should be installed on the roof of the chicken house. The height of the ventilation pipe outside the roof is 60 to 100 cm, and a rain cap is installed on it. The length of the inner part of the ventilation duct shall not be less than 60 cm. An adjustment plate should be installed in the exhaust pipe, which can adjust the opening and closing at any time and control the air volume. ④The structure of each part of the chicken house should be tight, and the doors, windows, exhaust pipes, etc. should be set reasonably, and the opening and closing adjustment should be flexible, so as to avoid the occurrence of low temperature, draughts and other harsh microclimate environments in the chicken house.
(2) Mechanical ventilation
It is mainly suitable for closed chicken houses and semi-open chicken houses with large span. It can be divided into positive pressure ventilation, negative pressure ventilation and positive pressure-negative pressure comprehensive ventilation.
1) Positive pressure ventilation
Fans are used and the pipes leading to the house are evenly provided with air supply holes. Turn on the fan to force air intake, so that the air pressure in the house is slightly higher than the atmospheric pressure outside the house, and the air in the house is discharged from the exhaust hole. In the windy and extremely cold and extremely hot areas, more ducted fans are installed on the roof of the house (Figure 10-8), so that the sucked air can be preheated or cooled and filtered before being distributed to the house, and finally the dirty air It is discharged from the air outlet at the foot of the wall.
Figure 10-8 Roof ducted ventilation
2) Negative pressure ventilation
Install a ventilator in the exhaust hole for forced exhaust, so that the air pressure in the house is slightly lower than the atmospheric pressure outside the house, and the air outside the house naturally flows through the air inlet. The negative pressure ventilation method requires less investment, simpler management, slower airflow into the house, and the chicken body feels more comfortable. When the chicken house adopts negative pressure ventilation, there are mainly the following three arrangements of fans.
The first is to install the fan below the wall on one side of the house, and above the opposite wall is the air inlet. The air outside the house enters the house from the air inlet on one side and mixes with the air in the house, and the air in the house is discharged by the fan on the other side. The airflow forms a penetrating type (Figure 10-9). This ventilation method is relatively simple, but the span of the chicken house should not exceed 10 to 12 meters. If there are multiple parallel chicken houses, the opposite side should be exhausted to prevent the foul airflow discharged from one chicken house from entering another chicken house.
Figure 10-9 Negative pressure ventilation through farm
The second is to install the fan in the ventilation duct on the roof of the chicken house, and set up air inlets on the walls on both sides (Figure 10-10). This method is suitable for multi-layer cage chicken houses with large spans (12-18 meters). Provide natural ventilation.
Figure 10-10 Roof exhaust ventilation
The third type is to install the fan on the walls on both sides of the house, and the roof is the air inlet (Figure 10-11). This method is suitable for large-span multi-layer cages or high-bed flat-raised chicken houses, which is conducive to thermal insulation.
Figure 10-11 Side wall exhaust ventilation
3) Comprehensive ventilation
That is to say, a comprehensive unit combining intake and exhaust is used for exhaust and intake at the same time. This method is mostly specialized ventilation equipment, which is still rare in my country's current production.
When using mechanical ventilation, it should be noted that the entrance and exit doors and emergency windows should be tight, and the location of fans and air inlets and outlets should be reasonable to prevent short circuit of air flow and direct air flow to the chicken. Closed windowless chicken coops must be equipped with emergency windows to prevent the environment from deteriorating in the event of a power outage. Generally, every 100m2 of use area should have 2.5m2 of emergency window area.
(3) Auxiliary mechanical ventilation
In general semi-open chicken houses, the natural ventilation is obviously insufficient in high temperature and windless weather, so fan assistance can be added. There are three main types of auxiliary mechanical ventilation.
① Install the fan on the gables on both sides of the house to supply air to the house. For auxiliary ventilation in this way, the length of the house and the selected fan model should be appropriate, so that the length of the air jet section can reach the entire house.
② The fan is hoisted above the central aisle in the chicken house. When the fan is turned on, the flow of air in the house can be accelerated and the heat can be taken away.
③ Install the fan under one end of the cage in the chicken house. When the fan is turned on, it can take away a part of the moisture evaporated by the chicken manure, and at the same time, it is also conducive to the heat dissipation of the chicken abdomen.
Injection molding is an important industrial method. It is little bit similar to die casting but the difference is in raw material used. In die casting we use metals which require extremely high temperature for melting but injection molding is mainly done on glasses, elastomers and most commonly thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers but this technique is widely used for fabrication of thermoplastic materials. This process is done by heating of raw material and injecting them into the mold cavity by applying pressure at a specific temperature without any change in their chemical composition.
Main parts of Injection Molding Machine:
The main parts of the Injection molding machine are material hopper, barrel, an injection ram/ rotating screw type plunger, heating device (heater), movable pattern, ejectors, and a mold inside mold cavity.
Generally injection molding machines works in horizontal manner. Injection molding machine consists of a barrel (cylindrical pipe). A hopper is located at one end of the barrel. A hydraulic ram or rotating screw runs by electric motor used of providing force is located inside the barrel. A heating element (heater) is attached to the barrel circumstantially used for melt the molding material comes down from the hopper.
On the other side of barrel a mold cavity attached. Mold is located inside the mold cavity and a moveable pattern is used in whole manufacturing. Mold is generally made up of copper, aluminum and tool steels. The life cycle for different material molds are different. This can be selected as per requirement.
Working:
Working of injection molding similar to extrusion and it works like an injection as name suggest. Molding material/ raw material pour into the hopper by feeding device. After that molding material goes down under the action of gravity into the cylinder (barrel) as shown in diagram. A circumferential heater which is located on the barrel is used to melt the material. When powder form of molding material goes dawn into the barrel from hopper it starts melting and a hydraulic ram or rotating screw pushes the material forward into the mould by applying some pressure. Molten plastic material is injected into a closed mould attached on the other side of barrel; in this split mold is used. Molding material goes forward continuously by the rotating screw. Pressure applies by the hydraulic system. Injection pressure is generally 100-150 MPa. After injection; pressure is applied for some time or locked at same position with some force.
After the whole process is done the parts manufactured is cooled sufficiently. Then mold is open and some ejectors are used for proper removal of the part without damage. After removing the part mold is closed again. This process is very fast and automatically repeated. Here complex shape parts can be easily manufactured. Production capacity of injection molding is 12-16 thousand parts per cycle.
Process parameters:
§ Process parameter varies according to condition and requirements.
§ Weight of the parts produced by this process is generally 100 to 500 g.
§ Cycle time for produce a single part is generally 5 to 60 seconds depends upon the parts manufacture.
§ Heating temperature of molding material is 150-350 degree centigrade.
§ Injection capacity of molding machine is 12,000 to 2.2×〖10〗^6 〖 mm〗^3.
§ Injection pressure is 100-150 MPa.
§ Locking force is 0.1 to 8.0 MN.
Advantages:
§ The main advantage of this process is that complex shapes components having small wall thickness (5-15 mm) can be easily molded and removed from the die without damage.
§ Parts which are made by injection molding have good dimensional tolerance.
§ The major advantage of this technique is that the scrap produced by this is very less as compare to some other processes.
§ Parts made by injection molding process are competing with parts made by investment casting and complex machining parts.
§ This process is having high production rate as compare to other techniques.
Disadvantage:
§ Initial cost/ setup cost of this process is very high due to design, testing and tooling of the whole equipment.
§ Investment molding is generally limited to some special kind of materials like thermoplastic materials or some polymers only.
§ High tooling cost i.e. the mould used is made by several processes and testing the overall cost of making a single mold is very high. For different parts different kind of molds are required.
Applications:
§ Injection molding is used for making complex shape parts of various sizes having less wall thickness.
§ Typical parts like cup, containers, toys, plumbing fittings, electrical components, telephones receivers, bottle caps, automotive parts and components.
